Co-infection with two species

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Dual species infection Mixed-species malaria infections certainly occur. Their precise frequency will vary according to the case-mix in the area concerned. In endemic areas where multiple malarial species circulate estimates of prevalence may be as high as 30%, but in other areas this is far lower and would often be regarded as forming fewer than 5% of infections. Recogition by morphology requires the presence of parasite forms that have recognisable species-specific features for two separate species. This may sometimes be easy, but can be challenging when one species predominates. Some examples are shown below: